Son Sayı
Sayı: 116 Kış 2026
Editörden
Saygıdeğer Okurlar,
Kazakistan’ı dosya konusu olarak ele aldığımız yeni sayımızı istifadenize sunmaktan mutluluk duymaktayız. Bu sayı bir yılı aşkın süren çalışmanın neticesinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Kazakistan’ın etnik oluşumundan orta çağdan beri devam eden diplomasi geleneğine, güncel finansal performans analizlerinden çevresel krizlerine kadar geniş bir yelpaze sunan dosyamızın Kazakistan’ın tarihî mirası ve güncel meseleleri ile ilgili referans bir kaynak oluşturacağına inanmaktayız.
Türkiye ve Kazakistan’ın ortak iradesiyle kurulan, Türk dünyasının ilk “ortak devlet üniversitesi” olma vasfını taşıyan Hoca Ahmet Yesevi Uluslararası Türk-Kazak Üniversitesi’nin akademik yayın organı olan bilig’de Avrasya’nın parlayan yıldızı Kazakistan’ın dosya konusu olarak seçilmesi üniversitemizin temel misyonuyla örtüşmektedir. Önümüzdeki dönemde dosya niteliğindeki sayılarımızı diğer Türk devletleriyle devam ettirmeyi planlamaktayız.
Bu sayıda yer alan makaleler arasında “Aşağı Sirderya Bölgesinde Kazak Boy Yapılanmasının Oluşumu ve Tarihî Devirlerdeki Göç-Yerleşim Süreçleri” başlıklı çalışma antik çağlardan itibaren İskit, Oğuz ve Kıpçak boylarına ev sahipliği yapan Sirderya havzasının, Kazak halkının etnik terkibindeki kurucu rolünü ele almaktadır. Kazakistan’ın köklü geçmişini, Türk devlet geleneğinin diplomatik mirasıyla birleştiren “11-12. Yüzyıllarda Karahanlıların Selçuklulara Yönelik Dış Politikasındaki Diplomatik Unsurlar” başlıklı çalışma ise Kazakistan’ın modern diplomasisinin, Türk dünyasındaki bugünkü bölgesel iş birliği ruhunun bin yıllık kadim köklerini gün yüzüne çıkarmaktadır.
Türkistan bölgesi günümüzde ciddi bir çevresel ve ekonomik sınamayla karşı karşıyadır. “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Perspektifinden Aral Denizi Felaketinin Sosyoekonomik ve Çevresel Boyutları” başlıklı makale, su politikalarından iklim krizine uzanan süreci analiz ederek ekolojik dengenin önemini hatırlatmaktadır. “Türkiye-Kazakistan Bankalarının Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemleriyle Karşılaştırılması ve Yapay Sinir Ağlarıyla Analizi” başlıklı çalışma, iki ülke bankacılık sektörünü yapay zeka temelli modern yöntemlerle karşılaştırarak finansal entegrasyonun dijital geleceğine projeksiyon tutmaktadır.
Yeni sayımızdaki tüm makalelerin Kazakistan’ın kalkınmasına ve gelişimine, Türk dünyasının bütünleşmesine ve aydınlık geleceğine katkı sunması temennisiyle iyi okumalar dileriz.
Prof. Dr. Fırat PURTAŞ
Editör
Zhanar Temirbekova & H.Eray Çelik
Glass Ceiling and Work Engagement: Higher Education in KazakhstanThis study examines the relationship between women’s beliefs about the glass ceiling and their work engagement in higher education institutions in Kazakhstan. The proposed theoretical model was tested using PLS-SEM. Data were collected from 274 women working in higher education institutions in Kazakhstan. Women’s beliefs about the glass ceiling were examined across four dimensions (denial, resilience, resignation, and acceptance), while work engagement was measured using the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. The findings indicate that denial and resilience positively affect work engagement, whereas resignationand acceptance negatively affect it. The results show that women’s beliefs about the glass ceiling play an important role in shaping their level of work engagement. The study provides a comprehensive understanding of women’s beliefs about the glass ceiling and work engagement in Kazakhstan’s higher education sector.
Keywords: Glass ceiling, work engagement, higher education, Kazakhstan, PLS-SEM.
DOI : https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.8253 [HTML]
Ceren Uysal Oğuz, Arda Özkan & Sanem Özer
Socio-economic and Environmental Dimensions of the Aral Sea Disaster from the Sustainable Development PerspectiveThe Aral Sea Basin environmental disaster has deteriorated the socioeconomic and environmental circumstances of the local communities in Central Asia. The main challenges in the basin are water scarcity, food insecurity, health problems and economic contraction. Due to irresponsible use of water resources during the Soviet period and current climate change, the water body of the Aral Sea has decreased to the lowest level. This article aims to analyze the socio-economic and ecological impacts of environmental degradation in the Aral Basin from a sustainable development perspective which encompasses social, economic, and environmental dimensions. Moreover, several regional and international recuperation efforts were examined as examples of possible sustainable solutions. The contribution of this article to the literature is the assessment of the selected Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) performances of the basin countries located in Central Asia.
Keywords: Aral Sea, sustainable development, SDGs, environment, socio-economic impacts, cooperation.
DOI : https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.7670 [HTML]
Ahmet Hüsrev Çelik & Şerif Canbay
Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı Üyesi Ülkelerde Yük Taşımacılığı ile İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkilerin AnaliziBu çalışmada, Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı (TDT) üyesi olan Azerbaycan, Kazakistan, Kırgızistan, Özbekistan ve Türkiye’nin demiryolu ve havayolu yük taşımacılığı ile iktisadi büyüme arasındaki karşılıklı etkileşimler incelenmektedir. 2007-2020 dönemi verileri kullanılarak, bu etkileşimlerin varlığını incelemek amacıyla panel bootstrap nedensellik testi uygulanmaktadır. Test sonuçlarına göre, Özbekistan’da demiryolu yük taşımacılığı ile iktisadi büyüme arasında pozitif ve çift yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilmektedir; Kırgızistan’da ise demiryolu yük taşımacılığından iktisadi büyümeye doğru pozitif ve tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi saptanmaktadır. Buna karşın, Azerbaycan, Kazakistan ve Türkiye için demiryolu yük taşımacılığı ile iktisadi büyüme arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamaktadır. Havayolu yük taşımacılığı ile iktisadi büyüme
arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisini incelemek amacıyla kurulan modellerin test sonuçlarına göre, yalnızca Türkiye’de havayolu yük taşımacılığı ile iktisadi büyüme arasında pozitif ve çift yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi bulunmaktadır.
Bu sonuç, TDT üyesi beş ülke arasında yalnızca Türkiye’de havayolu yük taşımacılığının iktisadi büyümeye, iktisadi büyümenin de havayolu yük taşımacılığına olumlu katkı sağladığını göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı, iktisadi büyüme, demiryolu taşımacılığı, havayolu taşımacılığı, ulaştırma altyapısı.
DOI : https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.7871 [HTML]
Çağrı Köroğlu, Ali Büyükmert, Mehmet Anbarcı & Eren Temel
Comparison of Turkish and Kazakh Banks Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods and Analysis with Artificial Neural NetworksThe financial statement data of banks and the economic analyses generated using these data play a crucial role in assessing the performance rankings of banks amid intensifying competitive conditions. This study aims to evaluate the economic performance of banks listed in the Borsa Istanbul (BIST) 50 index and five banks listed on the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange for the period 2013–2023, employing Multi-Criteria Decision-
Making (MCDM) methods such as Standard Deviation (SD) and Combinative Distance-based Assessment (CODAS). The significance levels of factors affecting ranking outcomes were determined using the Weka program, and a financial performance ranking forecast for 2024–2025 was conducted for a randomly selected bank. Upon examining the rankings obtained from SD and CODAS methods, M&T Bank consistently ranked among the top banks across both countries throughout the study period. Additionally, an analysis based on artificial neural networks revealed that, within CODAS ranking evaluations, total liability data proved to be the most influential determinant in both Turkish and Kazakh banking sectors.
Keywords: Banking sector, multi-criteria decision-making, financial performance analysis, Kazakhstan, Turkic world, Türkiye, artificial neural networks.
DOI : https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.8402 [HTML]
Buğra Sarı
The Integration in the Turkic World through Security Community LensesThe geopolitical landscape of post-Soviet Eurasia has been shaped by the emergence of independent Turkic states and their evolving regional cooperation mechanisms. The Organization of Turkic States (OTS) has become a central platform for fostering diplomatic, economic, and security collaboration among its members. This study examines the potential of the OTS to develop into a pluralistic security community in Turkic World, where conflicts are addressed through institutionalized dialogue rather than force. Applying Adler and Barnett’s analytical framework, the research explores the presence of sustained mutual interests, shared cultural and political identities, and institutionalized communication as fundamental pillars of security community formation. This approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the organization’s role in shaping regional stability and integration. Ultimately, the study argues that the OTS exhibits key characteristics of an emerging pluralistic security community, offering a foundation for deeper regional cooperation and collective responses to shared security challenges in the Turkic World.
Keywords: Identity, integration, security community, Organization of Turkic States, Turkic World.
DOI : https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.7399 [HTML]
Perizat Yertayeva & Hikmet Koraş
The Role of Alphabets in the Formation of Kazakh Written LanguageThe Kazakh written language, whose first works were produced in the late 19th century, is a relatively young written language that, until 1940, sporadically used the Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets. The formation of the Kazakh written language in the late 19th century was influenced not only by the lifestyle of the Kazakhs at that time but also by the language policies pursued by Tsarist Russia and its practices regarding minority languages. It can be said that Ibıray Altınsarin’s proximity to N.I. Ilminskiy, who formulated and managed Russia’s policies on minority languages, played a role in his publication of the first literary
work in Kazakh. The Cyrillic alphabet used in the work undeniably contains phonetic elements that distinguish Kazakh, as an oral-based language of the Turkic family, from other Turkic languages. This alphabet
also influenced the development of the Arabic-based Kazakh alphabet prepared by Ahmet Baytursınulı and the Latin-based alphabet adopted in 1926. It is evident that the pressure and imposition of the Soviet
Union played a significant role in shaping the modern Kazakh written language, particularly with the adoption of the Russian-based Cyrillic alphabet in 1940.
Keywords: Kazakh written language, Ibıray Altınsarin, N. I. Ilminskiy, Ahmet Baytursınulı, Kazakh Latin alphabet, Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet.
DOI : https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.8695 [HTML]
Serhan Çınar & Tattigul Kartaeva
Kazakh Tribal Formation along the Lower Syrdarya Region and Historical Migration-Settlement ProcessesThe “Syrdarya Region” or “Syr Region’s” geographical definition denotes the Syr Darya River’s lower reaches and the Aral Sea’s eastern shores. The Kazakh tribe’s regional ethnic formation is complex and formed in several historical phases. Its history dates back to ancient ages. It was the Saka-Massagetae’s political-administration center, and Kangui clans’ land during the Early Iron Age. Turkish-origin clans/tribes migrated to the Syrdarya Region and Oghuz and Kipchak states settled there during the Early Medieval Age. The Mongol-Tatar invasion was the next regional migrative movement. The regional Turkic clans/tribes joined the subsequent ethnic formation of the “Kazakh” people. The Syrdarya Region, under the Dzungar invasion, became a large migration center and the home for a complex clan/tribe union with the Greater, Middle, and Lesser tribe Kazakhs. This study covers the history of complex relations between the clan/tribe in the Syrdarya region, which has been a center of commerce since the ancient ages.
Keywords: Syrdarya, Saka, Kangui, Kipchak, Oghuz, Greater tribe, Middle tribe, Lesser tribe.
DOI : https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.7580 [HTML]
Aliya Almagambetova, Aydın Usta & Gulnara Khabizhanova
Diplomatic Elements in Qarakhanid Foreign Policy toward the Saljuqs in the 11th–12th CenturiesDiplomacy was in its formative stages during the Middle Ages, and states used advanced diplomatic tools in their interactions. Diplomatic methods such as treaties, mediation, marriage alliances, and cooperation offered distinct advantages and reflected the role and position of a country in the international arena. Analyzing the interstate relations of the Qarakhanids and Saljuqs, we found that they initially had similar state structures, cultural and economic traditions, and religion, but evolved in different directions as a result of their interactions. This article argues that the diplomatic methods and tools used by a state reflect its level of internal development and affect the effectiveness of its actions. Moreover, the article offers a new holistic perspective on interstate relations in the Turkic world.
Keywords: Qarakhanids, Saljuqs, medieval diplomacy, interstate relations, diplomatic methods.
DOI : https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.8272 [HTML]