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Research Article
Strategic Regionalism in Turkish Foreign Policy: The Case of the Organization of Turkic States
Metin Yücekaya, Muhittin Ataman, Ömer Naim Küçük, Mehmet Adanmış

…alytical framework by expanding the concept of strategic regionalism to address Türkiye’s growing interest in regional international organizations. Strategic regionalization is defined as a hybrid foreign policy strategy that integrates tools such as economic …

Research Article
A Comparative Analysis of Reading Achievement Across the Turkic World: PIRLS 2021 as a Benchmark for Educational Unity
Bilginer Onan, Hasan Kağan Keskin, Özay Karadağ

…ement of fourth-grade students in the Turkic Republics (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Türkiye, and Uzbekistan) based on Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) 2021 data. Following missing data screening, the final sample comprised 19,997 students n…

Research Article
Determinants of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the Organization of Turkic States: An Environmental Sustainability Perspective
Ayşegül Baykul, Selen Işık Maden

… dioxide (CO₂) emissions in Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Türkiye, the member states of the Organization of Turkic States. According to the results of the autoregressive distributed lag bounds test (ARDL), based on data covering the perio…

Research Article
Comparison of Turkish and Kazakh Banks Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods and Analysis with Artificial Neural Networks
Çağrı Köroğlu, Ali Büyükmert, Mehmet Anbarcı, Eren Temel

The financial statement data of banks and the economic analyses generated using these data play a crucial role in assessing the performance rankings of banks amid intensifying competitive conditions. This study aims to evaluate the economic performance of bank…