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…y and turned paper money into a centralised means of payment. By establishing exchange offices, he also prohibited the outflow of metal coins from the government and ensured that the precious metals remained within the borders. Through this policy, he could ke…
The environment provides by Pax Ottomana across the vast geography of the Ottoman Empire encouraged the coexistence of diverse ethnic and religious communities which contributed to the development of a culture of coexistence and created a legacy whose traces a…
…terrelationships for energy (oil and natural gas) prices, inflation rate, and exchange rate in Türkiye, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan, covering the period from January 2010 to April 2022, by means of the Toda and Yamamoto approach to Grang…
Climate change is becoming one of the most crucial problems threatening the integrity of the global system. The impacts of climate change have been posing new threats to the states’ interests, human prosperity and environmental sustainability. This article aim…
The aim of this article is to analyse the reasons behind continuity and change in Turkey’s relations with Russia and to question the limits of cooperation between the two nations by using historical and current developments as cases. The article proposes that …
