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The period of Kublai Khan is known as when innovative economic practices were adopted in China, and the use of paper money was turned into a state policy. While previous dynasties ruling the Chinese lands had limited paper money to regional contexts, Kublai Kh…
This study analyses the impact of China’s economic and financial relations with the Turkestan States – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan – on voting alignment of these five states with China in the United Nations General Assembly …
Considered as the rotation axis of the northern celestial hemisphere, north pole star was called altun qazŋuq “gold stake” in OT (Old Turkic). The article finds that Turkic north pole star tradition exerted its influence on Chinese culture twice. At the first …
Following their independence in 1991, the Republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan developed active relations with major global and regional actors, including the United States, Russia, Europe, Türkiye, and China. Among these, China emerged as a par…
The objective of this study is to analyze the energy policies of China and Russia in Kazakhstan. Firstly, the historical context of energy cooperation between Kazakhstan, China, and Russia will be examined. Secondly, the distinctive approaches taken by each co…
From a realist perspective, there is a power competition between China and Russia and the US-led West. Russian rulers felt that the very existence of Russia was seriously threatened by the advancement of the West in an anarchic system, and they reacted by laun…
NATO’s partnership policy, including its Partnership for Peace (PfP) program, which aims to develop cooperation and dialogue with non-NATO countries, represents the first steps for an essentially Euro-Atlantic alliance to establish an institutional relationshi…
This article aims to determine the main motivation behind Türkiye’s involvement in the Libyan Civil War as an active actor since 2019 which can be seen as a deviation from its traditional foreign policy. Türkiye has involved in the Libyan conflict following th…
